A brief history of cardiac pacing.

The history of cardiac pacing therapy must be viewed within the broader framework of electro-diagnosis and electro-therapy. Moreover it can be observed that the development of electro-therapy usually preceded the understanding of what was actually occurring within the heart.

Electro-therapy has a simple core concept: the use of an outside source of electricity to stimulate human tissue in various ways to produce a beneficial therapeutic effect. This has shown a prolonged, halting development through the ages, sometimes being looked upon as mysterious magic produced by complex machines.

Over the last fifty years or so, electro-therapy has shown a very rapid, almost explosive, development with many innovators contributing to a whole series of "firsts". This was the consequence of a remarkable co-operation among surgeons, physicians, engineers, chemists, businessmen and patients. The field of paediatric open heart surgery gave a major impetus to the development of pacemakers since heart block often accompanied impeccably performed intra-cardiac repairs of congenital defects.

for more information please click on the link given.

http://www.sahha.gov.mt/pages.aspx?page=665

Varicella (Chicken Pox)

Varicella, also called chicken pox, is a viral disease that rarely occurs in adults as a primary infection. Up to 95% of women in childbearing age have antibodies against varicella virus. Infection of the fetus occurs in 1 to 5 per 10,000 pregnancies and induces a risk of birth defects called varicella embryopathy, to be evaluated prenatally by ultrasound. The manifestations may include microcephaly, chorioretinitis, cataract, microphthalmia, growth retardation, and developmental delay, more scarcely a hypoplastic limb. The risk varies depending on the timing of infection during pregnancy. Congenital varicella only occurs in case of primary infection during the first half of pregnancy. Varicella is more severe during pregnancy and might even be lethal for the mother. If a patient develops varicella 5 days or less before delivery or 1-2 days after delivery, there is a risk of neonatal varicella that can be very severe, and causes infant death in 30% of cases. If the patient develops varicella between 6 and 21 days before delivery, the newborn may develop a varicella, although the infection should be milder as the maternal antibodies partly protect the fetus.

Zinc: an essential micronutrient.

Zinc is an essential micronutrient for human metabolism that catalyzes more than 100 enzymes, facilitates protein folding, and helps regulate gene expression. Patients with malnutrition, alcoholism, inflammatory bowel disease, and malabsorption syndromes are at an increased risk of zinc deficiency. Symptoms of zinc deficiency are nonspecific, including growth retardation, diarrhea, alopecia, glossitis, nail dystrophy, decreased immunity, and hypogonadism in males. In developing countries, zinc supplementation may be effective for the prevention of upper respiratory infection and diarrhea, and as an adjunct treatment for diarrhea in malnourished children. Zinc in combination with antioxidants may be modestly effective in slowing the progression of intermediate and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Zinc is an effective treatment for Wilson disease. Current data do not support zinc supplementation as effective for upper respiratory infection, wound healing, or human immunodeficiency virus. Zinc is well tolerated at recommended dosages. Adverse effects of long-term high-dose zinc use include suppressed immunity, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, anemia, copper deficiency, and possible genitourinary complications.

Pakistan

National Flag and State Emblem of Pakistan.
Basic Facts

Official Name

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Independence - 14 th August 1947.
Capital - Islamabad
Ethnic Groups-Punjabi,Pushtun,Sindhi,Baluchi,Saraiki,Muhajir and Kashmiri.
History of Pakistan.
BACKGROUND TO PARTITION.
The proposal for a Muslim state in India was first enunciated in 1930 by the poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal, who suggested that the four northwestern provinces (Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab, and the North-West Frontier Province) should be joined in such a state. In 1933 Choudhary Rahmat Ali, a Cambridge student, coined the name Pakstan,on behalf of those Muslims living in Punjab, Afghan (North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Sind, and Balochistan. Alternatively the name was said to mean "Land of the Pure."

Birth of the new state.
Pakistan came into existence in August 1947, with M. Jinnah as governor-general and Liaquat Ali Khan as prime minister,with West and East Pakistan separated by more than 1,000 miles. Pakistan's survival seemed to hang in the balance. Of all the provinces of British India, Sindh, Balochistan, and the North-West Frontier came to Pakistan . The Punjab and Bengal were divided, and Kashmir became disputed territory. Economically, the situation seemed almost hopeless; the new frontier cut off Pakistani raw materials from the Indian factories, disrupting industry, commerce, and agriculture. The partition and the movement of refugees were accompanied by terrible massacres for which both communities were responsible.The dispute over Kashmir brought the two countries to the verge of war.

THE TRANSFER OF POWER AND THE BIRTH OF TWO NATIONS.
British India in 1947, showing major administrative divisions, the distribution of the principal. Elections held in the winter of 1945-46 for Muslim League , as the league won all 30 seats reserved for Muslims in the Central Legislative Assembly and most of the reserved provincial seats as well. Britain's Parliament passed in July 1947 the Indian Independence Act, ordering the demarcation of the dominions of India and Pakistan by midnight of Aug. 14-15, 1947, and dividing within a single month the assets of the world's largest empire, which had been integrated in countless ways for more than a century. Racing the deadline, two boundary commissions worked desperately to partition Punjab and Bengal in such a way as to leave a majority of Muslims to the west of the former's new boundary and to the east of the latter's, but as soon as the new borders were known, no fewer than 10 million Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs fled from their homes on one side of the newly demarcated borders to what they thought would be "shelter" on the other. In the course of that tragic exodus of innocents, some 1 million people were slaughtered in communal massacres that made all previous conflicts of the sort known to recent history pale by comparison.

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN.
Mohammed Ali Jinnah died in September 1948, within 13 months of independence. The leaders of the new Pakistan were mainly lawyers with a strong commitment to parliamentary government. They had various degrees of personal commitment to Islam,subscribed to Islam as a total way of life, and people wish to establish Pakistan as an Islamic Country. The members of the old Constituent Assembly, elected at the end of 1945, assembled at Karachi, the new capital. Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan issued a resolution on the aims and objectives of the constitution, which began, "Sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah Almighty alone" and emphasized on Islamic values.

Constitution of Pakistan

V N KARAZIN KHARKIV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF MEDICINE.

Promoting and Delevering Advance Education.

Kharkiv National University
www.univer.kharkov.ua
V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University is one of the oldest universities in Eastern Europe, Founded in November 1804 celebrated it,s 200 years in 2004.

University has been a member of the International Association of Universities/UNESCO,UNO. www.unesco.org/iau/members_friends/mem_membinst1.html
Magna Charta Universitatum,
http://www.magna-charta.org/magna_universities.html .The Magna Charta signing was initiated by the European University Association and by the University of Bologna, Italy.
Eurasian Universities Association,
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY(IAEA)
http://www.iaea.org/inis/ws/subjects/universities.html
In 2003 the University was included into the World Directory of Medical Schools of the World Health Organization (WHO) www.who.int/hrh/wdms/media/en/Ukraine.pdf, www.who.int/hrh/documents/en/wdms_update.pdf, 2007+ WHO Directory (Medical schools) – University of Copenhagen and into the International Medical Directory (IMED) of the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER)] http://imed.ecfmg.org/, USA.
Kharkiv National University isthe full individual member of the European University Association http://www.eua.be.
Canadian Post-M.D. Education Registry (www.caper.ca)
Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research
http://www.gfmer.ch
http://www.gfmer.ch/Medical_search/Countries/Ukraine.htm

University cooperates with Universities and organizations worldwide. For details please visit to http://www-vmz.univer.kharkov.ua

Hospital and Clinics of the University Medical School.
Training is provided at the facilities of the University Schools and the University Research Institutes eg. Institue of Laser Biology and Laser Medicine as well as at the Hospital and clinics of the city medical Establishments.The University's cooperates with the Kharkiv Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education,Ministry of Health of Ukraine .

Main of them are.


1.Central Clinical Hospital no 5.
http://www.cch5.kharkov.com

2. Institute of Children and Adolescents Health Care
http://iozdp.ic.kharkov.ua/eng/index.php

Сhildren hospital No.7

3.Sytenko Institute of Spine and joint Pathology.(Orthopedics and Traumatology)
http://www.sytenko.org.ua/eng/index.php


4.a-Delivery Home No.4
b-South Railway Delivery Home.
c-Neonatology,Gyneacology and Obstetrics.
http://med.edu.ua/ua/chair38.html

5.Kharkiv Military Hospital.

6.Institute of Dermatology and venerology.
7.Hospital of Infection and Tropical Diseases with Child Infections.No 22

8.South Railway Surgical Hospital.Zolotina.


9.Kharkiv Specialized Medical Genetic Center.
10.Hospital of Hematology and Oncology.Lisa Park.
11.Hospital of Endocrinology and Nephrology No 28
12.Tuberculosis Despenser.Moscowsky Prospect.
13.Grigoriev Institute for Radiology
14.Post martum Section of the Institute of General and Emergency Surgery.
15.Polyclinic No.6
16.Hospital of Neural and Psychiatric Diseases No.15.
17.Clinical Laboratory Polyclinic No 18 and Student District Polyclinic No 20.

Photo Gallery.

Two Main Campuses of the University in front of eachother.